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・ Khvajehabad, Khuzestan
・ Khvajehabad, Razavi Khorasan
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Khvalynsk culture
・ Khvalynskoye gas field
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・ Khvalynsky District
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・ Khvamli
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・ Khvancheh
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・ Khvansar County
・ Khvansar, Yazd
・ Khvansarak
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・ Khvareh Mir


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Khvalynsk culture : ウィキペディア英語版
Khvalynsk culture

The Khvalynsk culture was an Eneolithic (copper age) culture of the first half of the 5th millennium BC, discovered at Khvalynsk on the Volga in Saratov Oblast, Russia. The culture also is termed the ''Middle Eneolithic'' or ''Developed Eneolithic'' or ''Proto-kurgan''. It was preceded by the Early Eneolithic or Samara culture, from which it came, and succeeded by the Late Eneolithic, or Early Yamna culture, to which it descended.
==Extent and Duration==
The Khvalynsk culture extended from Saratov in the north to the North Caucasus in the south, from the Sea of Azov in the west to the Ural River in the east.
A good sprinkling of calibrated C-14 readings obtained from material in the graves of the type site date the culture certainly to the approximate window, 5000-4500 BC. This material is from Khvalynsk I, or Early Khvalynsk. Khvalynsk II, or Late Khvalynsk, is Late Eneolithic.
Some regard Khvalynsk I as Early Eneolithic, contemporary with the Samara culture. Gimbutas, however, believed Samara was earlier and placed Khvalynsk I in the Developed Eneolithic. Not enough Samara culture dates and sites exist to settle the question.

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